Shivani Rana
Chapter 2: Self and Personality
Dual Status of Self
Self as Subject Self as Object
Kinds of Self
Personal Self Social Self/
Familial Self
Cognitive & Behavioural aspect of Self
Obs. of Behaviour
Self Self Self Efficacy: Self
Concept Esteem Bandura Regulation Self Instruction
Self Reinforcement
1
Shivani Rana
Culture & Self
Indian / Western /
Collectivistic Individualistic
Approaches to study Personality
Type Approach Trait Approach
Type Approach
Charak Samhita Sheldon Carl Jung Friedman &
1. Endomorphic 1. Introverts Rosenman
2. Mesomorphic 2. Extraverts 1. Type A
3. Ectomorphic 2. Type B
Morris
Tri Doshas Tri Gunas 1. Type C
1. Vata 1. Sattva 2. Type D
2. Pitta 2. Rajas
3. Kapha 3. Tamas
Hippocrates
1. Sanguine
2. Phlegmatic
3. Melancholic
4. Choleric
2
Shivani Rana
Trait Approach
Gordon Allport Raymond Cattell H.J Eysenck Paul & Costa
1. Cardinal Traits 1. Source Traits 1. Neuroticism Vs O- Openness to experiences
2. Central Traits 2. Surface Traits Emotional Stability C- Conscientiousness
3. Secondary 2. Introversion Vs E- Extraversion
Traits Used Factor Extraversion A- Agreeableness
Analysis 3. Psychoticism Vs N- Neuroticism
Sociability
Developed 16 PF
Developed EPQ
Psychodynamic OR Psychoanalytic
Approach
Sigmund Freud
Level Of Structure Of Defense Psychosexual
Consciousness Personality Mechanism Stages
1. Conscious 1. Id 1. Repression 1. Oral (Mouth)
2. Preconscious 2. Ego 2. Projection 2. Anal (Anus)
3. Unconscious 3. Superego 3. Reaction 3. Phallic (genitals)
Formation Oedipus &
4. Rationalisation Electra Complex
5. Regression 4. Latency
6. Denial 5. Genital
3
Shivani Rana
Post- Freudian Approaches
OR
Neo analytic
Carl Jung: Karen Horney: Alfred Adler: Erich Fromm: Erik Erikson:
Analytical Optimism Individual Human Search for
Psychology Psychology Concerns identity
• Archetypes • Disturbed
• Collective Interpersonal • Personal • Social Beings • Identity
Unconscious Relationships Goals • Justice, Crisis
• Unity & • Basic Anxiety • Inferiority Freedom &
harmony Complex truth
Humanistic Approach
Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers
• Fully functioning person
• Self Actualisation • Client centred Therapy
• Unconditional positive regards
• Congruence & Incongruence
• Ideal & Real self
4
Shivani Rana
Assessment of
Personality
Psychometric Self report Projective Behavioural
Test Techniques Analysis
Self report Measure: Allport
Minnesota Multiphasic Eysenck Personality 16 Personality Factor
Personality Inventory Questionnaire (EPQ) Questionnaire (16PF)
(MMPI) • H.J Eysenck • Raymond Cattell
• Hathaway & Mckinley • Three Dimensions • Factor Analysis
• Psychiatric Diagnosis • Introversion- Extraversion • Most popular &
• 567 statements (T/F) • Neutroticism- Emotional widely used.
• 10 Sub-scales Stability
• Psychoticism- Sociability
Self Report Disadvantages
Social Desirability Acquiescence
5
Shivani Rana
Projective Techniques
The Rorschach Inkblot Rosenzweig’s picture Draw a Person Test (DPT)
Test (RIBT) frustration test • Subject is asked to
• Hermann Rorschach • Rosenzweig draw a person.
• 10 Cards (5 B/W, 2 red • To assess • Then, draw the
ink & 3 Pastel colors) aggression majorly opposite sex of first
• 2 phases: Performance among children drawn.
proper & inquiry. • Make stories around
the drawings.
Thematic Apperception
Sentence completion
Test (TAT)
test
• Morgan & Murray
• reflects attitude,
• 30 black & white and 1
motivation and
Blank card
conflicts.
• Subject forms story in
three tenses.
Behavioural Analysis
Interview method Nomination Behavioural Rating
1. Structured interview • Peer assessment • used in educational &
2. Unstructured • helps in industrial setting
interview understanding • Limitations: Halo
personality & effect, Middle &
behavioural qualities Extreme category bias
Observation method
1. Naturalistic Situational test
2. Participant • Situational stress test.
• tells how a person behaves
in stressful situations
6
Shivani Rana
